Usefulness of Earnings Per Share Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Earnings per share are useful for the shareholders because it tells the shareholder about the worthiness of his investment and the extent of profit each of his shares is generating. In a nutshell, it tells regarding the amount of profit earned per share. Earnings per share are useful for the shareholders because it tells the shareholder about the worthiness of his investment and the extent of profit each of his shares is generating. In a nutshell, it tells regarding the amount of profit earned per share. Difference b/w earnings and dividends. Earnings are the profits that a company generates during a year while the dividend is that part of the profit that the company distributes to its shareholders. The company may distribute all of the earnings in a particular year but cannot exceed that amount. Due to the uncertain economic conditions, the company has not declared the interim dividend for the year and therefore the board has not declared the final dividend as well which for the pr evious year was 0.675 pence per share. Ratios that are helpful from an investor s point of view can be that of Return on Capital ratio and Return on Assets ratio. We will write a custom essay sample on Usefulness of Earnings Per Share or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Companies from the manufacturing industry have income statement components such as the sales and cost of goods sold which a company from the service industry doesn t.

The National Alliance On Mental Illness - 2089 Words

According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, â€Å"1 in 4 adults live with a serious mental illness (Ken).† This means that in American there are almost 62 million people suffering from mental illness (Mayo Clinic). With that being said, only a small portion of the United States’ healthcare budget is used to fund mental health related research and facilities. Sarah Kliff, journalist for the Washington Post, reported, â€Å"†¦about 5.6 percent of the national health-care spending, according to a 2011 paper in the journal Health Affairs (Sarah).† Kliff also expressed that the United States has a budget of $113 billion dollars annually to spend on healthcare. Consequently, that means that only 6.3 billion dollars are spent on mental health issues every year. This is a staggering number consider that roughly 25% of the United States’ population is living with a serious mental illness (Sarah) Due to the large portion of American’s living with serious mental illnesses it directly impacts family communication. To get a better understand on family communication and mental illness this paper will discuss what a mental illness, communication symptoms of mental illness, how to improve mental illness, as well as communicating options for help with your loved one. To understand how mental illness impacts family communication one must first understand what mental illness is. According to the Mayo Clinic they define mental illness as, â€Å"A wide range of mental conditions – disorders thatShow MoreRelatedThe National Alliance Of Mental Illness1485 Words   |  6 PagesOverview of the Disorder The National Alliance of Mental Illness (NAMI, 2015) estimates 1 in 5- 48.8- million adults in the United States are diagnosed with a mental illness each year. 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These illn esses affect all aspects of the person’s life. They often do things without the knowledge of what they are doing. Many people who do have these illness commit crimes without the knowledge of the factRead MoreThe Link Between Homelessness And Mental Health983 Words   |  4 PagesWhat’s the issue? The lack of mental health services available to the mentally-ill and the deinstitutionalization of mental health hospitals have created a public health concern. These issues along with a failed continuum of care plans and a lack of community mental health services have been major contributing factors to homelessness. In addition, the strict guidelines for psychiatric hospitalization are critical when analyzing homelessness. In many cases, only the critically ill are meeting clinicalRead MoreMental Health For The Mentally Ill999 Words   |  4 PagesMental Health Brief What’s the issue? The lack of mental health services available to the mentally-ill and the deinstitutionalization of mental health hospitals have created a public health concern. These issues along with failed continuum of care strategies and a lack of community mental health services are major contributing factors to homelessness. In addition, the strict guidelines for psychiatric hospitalization are critical when analyzing homelessness among the mentally-ill. In many cases,Read MoreMy Advocacy Paper On Nami Chicago1311 Words   |  6 Pagescurrently work at an outpatient behavioral Healthcare facility which serves the mental health population. I have grown to be very aware of some of the struggles, stigmas, stereotypes and discrimination that people with mental illness are faced with. Background/History of NAMI Chicago. According to the NAMI website, NAMI is the National Alliance on Mental Illness, dedicated to serve and help those who are affected by mental illness. NAMI advocates for access to services, treatment, supports research worksRead MoreReducing Mental Health Stigmas1195 Words   |  5 PagesReducing Mental Health Stigmas According to the National Alliance of Mental Health, 1 in 5 adults in the United States of America experience mental illness in a given year (NAMI, 2017). Out of those adults, not all will seek out mental health services. If there are services in the community being offered, why are the services not utilized more often by these individuals? There may be many barriers that preventRead MoreDID Essay1460 Words   |  6 Pagesone-third of individuals affected complain of auditory or visual hallucinations. While the causes are unknown, statistics show that DID occurs in 0.01 to 1 percent of the general population (NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness | NAMI: The National Alliance on Mental Illness,). DID is a serious mental illness that occurs across all ethnic groups and all income levels. It affects women nine times more than men. In addition to experiencing separate identities, individuals living with DID may also experienceRead MoreTaking a Look at Borderline Personality Disor der1420 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationships. There are links that suggest it could be caused by genetic and environmental factors, but it is still being studied. A person that is part of a community or culture with unstable upbringing can increase the risk for this disorder (National Institute of Mental Health, 2014). A childhood with physical and sexual abuse was often linked to people with BPD. It was more-so found to be linked with any neglect as a child (Am J Psychiatry, 1997 ). 6 to 10 million people are affected by borderline personality

Citation of Error Analysis Essay Free Essays

html http://www. accentsasia. org/1-2/kato. We will write a custom essay sample on Citation of Error Analysis Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now pdf . G o o g l e html . Page 1 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 1 Citation Kato, A. (2006). Error analysis of high school student essays. Accents Asia [Online], 1 (2), 1-13. Available: http://www. accentsasia. org/1-2/kato. pdf Error Analysis of High School Student Essays Asako Kato Fudooka Seiwa High School Introduction Ever since the introduction of oral communication into the school curriculum in 1989, speaking has drawn attention as an important skill for Japanese students to master. A variety of speaking and listening practices have been experimented within high school English classes. Writing has also been included as an extensive practice. The 2003 revision of the Course of Study emphasizes â€Å"writing† as a vehicle of communication to convey messages according to the purpose and the situation (MEXT, 2003). However, in many of the university entrance exam-oriented high schools, writing classes are modified into grammar-centered classes; in other words, the students are accustomed to writing short sentences based upon the structures or the grammar points they are taught, and chances of writing effective essays are limited (Minegishi, 2005). It is true that grammar processing is needed for accurate production, but it is a challenge to teach how to write essays or even paragraphs within the available classroom hours, with the exception perhaps of some foreign language elective courses in select high schools. Under these circumstances, the English Composition Division of the Saitama Senior High School English Education and Research Association hosts writing contests, for the purpose of encouraging students to test their English knowledge and to enhance their production skills in the form of writing. The contest consists of two sections: a translation section and an essay writing Page 2 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 2 section. In the essay section the participants are given topics and expected to write their opinions in about 200 words. They have 80 minutes to work on translation and essay writing. The translation sentences are assigned according to level, but the essay topic is the same for all. The translation part is marked and graded by Japanese teachers; the essays are evaluated by ALTs (Assistant Language Teachers) according to three criteria: creativity, organization and grammar. The winners are chosen depending on the total points of the two sections. In this paper, I will shed some light on the essays and analyze them with a view towards identifying problems students have, which will provide evidence of how English is learned and what strategies students are employing to construct their essays. The primary focus of this paper is on grammar in writing not creativity and organization, but some pedagogical suggestions for teaching and learning are also mentioned. Methods The data analyzed for this study are errors in students’ essays written in an essay competition held in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. In this contest, the participants were given the topic, â€Å"If you were to meet a celebrity, who would you like to meet? What would you like to ask him/her? What would you like to do with him/her? The errors in the essays were categorized based on Ferris’ (2005) Analysis Model (Fig. 1). Her â€Å"Common ESL writing errors† fall into four categories; morphological errors, lexical errors, syntactic errors, and mechanical errors. This model is based upon the â€Å"Description of the major error categories† (Fig. 2), which covers verb errors, noun ending errors, article errors, word wrong, and sentence structure (p. 92). According to James (1998), an erro r analysis model must be â€Å"well-developed, highly elaborated, and self-explanatory† (p. 95). Ferris’ model fulfills these needs. With this system it is easy to identify global and local errors (Burt and Kiparsky, 1972, cited in James, 1998) which I added to Ferris’ model of major errors in Figure 1. Global errors are major errors in sentence structure, which makes a sentence difficult or impossible to understand, whereas local errors are minor mistakes, which do not cause problems of comprehension. In Ferris’ classification, syntactic errors are considered global errors. Mechanical and lexical mistakes, on the other hand, are local errors. Morphological errors can be global errors, Page 3 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 3 but when they do not hinder readers’ understanding of the content they are local errors. Figure 1 Common ESL Writing Errors based on Ferris’(2005) Model Morphological Errors global / local errors Verbs: Tense, From, Subject-verb agreement Nouns: Articles/determiners, Noun endings (plural/possessive) Lexical Errors local errors Word choice, Word form, Informal usage, Idiom error, Pronoun error Syntactic Errors global errors Sentence structure, Run-ons, Fragments Mechanical local errors Punctuation, Spelling, Capitalization* * â€Å"Capitalization† is added in this study. Figure 2 Description of major error categories (Ferris, 2005) Verb errors All errors in verb tense or form, including relevant subject-verb agreement errors. Noun ending errors Plural or progressive ending incorrect, omitted, or unnecessary; includes relevant subject-verb agreement errors Article errors Article or other determiner incorrect, omitted, or unnecessary Word wrong All specific lexical errors in word choice or word form, including preposition and pronoun errors. Spelling errors only included if the (apparent) misspelling resulted in an actual English word. Sentence structure Errors in sentence/clause boundaries(run-ons, fragments, comma splices), word order, omitted words or phrases, unnecessary words or phrases; other unidiomatic sentence construction. Participants The essays analyzed for this study were written by 148 high school students: 46 first year students, 58 second year students, and 44 third year students; 48 males and 100 females. The participants’ high schools consisted of twenty public schools and two private schools. Most of these Page 4 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 4 schools are considered â€Å"academic† high schools in that they prepare students for university exams, which means the students tend to be highly motivated and are expected to be able to utilize their English grammar, structure knowledge and vocabulary in writing. Procedure All errors were marked and classified. They were first classified into global errors or local errors. The verb-related errors were considered as â€Å"verb errors†, therefore, they were considered morphological errors. However, confusion in the use of transitive/intransitive verbs was considered a global syntactic error because it affects the whole sentence structure. Also, tense errors were anticipated because the essay topic â€Å"If you were to meet a celebrity†¦? † presumably requires the use of the conditional. As long as the errors did not interfere with the understanding of the sentence, they were put into tense errors, i. e. , morphological errors. It was sometimes difficult to draw the line between lexical errors and mechanical errors; that is, whether the word is a wrong choice or simply a spelling mistake. If the word had a separate meaning but exists as a word, then it was treated as lexical error; otherwise, it was marked as a mechanical error. However, if an inappropriate word choice disrupts the meaning in the whole sentence, it was considered a syntactic error. In short, the decision of error classification depends on each sentence. As for repeated mechanical errors in the same sentence, i. e. , spelling mistakes, punctuation, and capitalization, the multiple mistakes were counted as one. Findings and Discussion First of all, not all errors were easily categorized: some went beyond and across the categories. In each case, errors were carefully identified and classified according to the seriousness of the problem. If one major error included other minor errors, then together they were considered to be a major error. For example, a sentence â€Å"*And, I want to *go to abroad such as the UK, the US, *French, *Australlia and so on† was categorized as one syntactic error because the misuse of verb and adverb (go to abroad) causes sentence diffusion, even though this sentence included one lexical error Page 5 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 5 (French) and one mechanical error (Australlia). Secondly, a danger with lists of â€Å"common† ESL/EFL errors, as Ferris (2005) herself points out, is that they may be over-generalized to all students. Of course, individual students have different language capabilities and learning traits; for example, one student constantly omitted articles and another student confused tense of verbs all through her essay. Although the statistics give a general picture of the problems, these do not apply to every student. While keeping these considerations in mind, the statistics provide interesting information. The total number of errors was 1518 (596 in 46 first year essays, 491 in 58 second year essays, and 431 in 44 third year essay). The average number of errors per student was 13. 5 for the first year students, 11. 2 for the second year students, and 9. 8 for the third year students. Considering the short length of the essay, these were not small numbers, although the average number of errors decreased according to the students’ year in school. As a total, syntactic errors dominated the rest at 29%, followed by lexical errors (21%), morphological errors in nouns and mechanical errors (18%), and morphological errors (14%). According to the school year, the most common errors observed in first year essays were lexical errors, which comprised 24% of the total, while syntactic errors comprised most errors in second and third year essays, which amounted to 35. 2% and 31. 1% respectively. Among the first years’ lexical errors, â€Å"word choice† was the most common mistake (93 in total). As for second year and third year samples, as many as 158 and 121 errors were made respectively in â€Å"sentence structure. † These findings indicate that first year students did not have sufficient vocabulary while the second and third year students did not use it adequately. Page 6 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 6 Table 1. Common EFL Writing Errors in Japanese High School Students’ Essays Percentage of Total Errors Marked (%) Error Type 1st year 2nd year 3rd year Average Morphological Errors Lexical Errors Syntactic Errors Mechanical (Verbs) Tense Form Subject-verb agreement Total Verb Errors (Nouns) Articles/determiners Noun endings Total Noun Errors Word choice Word form Informal usage Idiom error Pronoun error Total Lexical Errors Sentence structure Run-ons Fragments Total Syntactic Errors Punctuation Spelling Capitalization Total Mechanical Errors 5. 87 5. 87 0. 67 12. 4 10. 6 8. 22 18. 8 15. 6 1. 51 1. 01 3. 19 2. 68 24. 0 15. 3 1. 34 3. 19 19. 8 5. 7 14. 4 4. 87 25. 0 8. 96 1. 22 2. 65 12. 8 11. 0 5. 91 16. 9 13. 6 4. 07 0. 61 1. 02 3. 87 23. 2 32. 2 0. 61 2. 44 35. 2 1. 43 6. 11 4. 28 11. 8 11. 1 2. 09 4. 64 17. 9 9. 98 8. 12 18. 1 9. 51 3. 25 0. 23 1. 16 2. 55 16. 7 28. 1 1. 86 1. 16 31. 1 1. 86 11. 4 3. 02 16. 2 8. 66 3. 06 2. 65 14. 4 10. 5 7. 42 17. 9 12. 9 2. 94 0. 62 1. 79 3. 04 21. 3 25. 2 1. 27 2. 26 28. 7 3. 0 10. 6 4. 05 17. 7 Percentage of Total Errors Marked 14% 18% 21% 29% 18% Morphological Error: Verbs Morphological Error: Nouns Lexical Error Syntactic Error Mechanical Error Percentage of Errors by Year 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1 2 3 Year Mechanical Error Syntactic Error Lexical Error Morphological Error: Nouns Morphological Error: Verbs Page 7 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 7 The syntactic errors, the most prevalent errors, were mainly related to verbs, for example, the misuse of be-verbs, transitive and intransitive verbs, auxiliary verbs, no verb use, the word order in indirect questions, and tense confusion in relation to the conditional. From an English educator’s point of view, it was rather disappointing that many students made errors in the use of basic verbs such as â€Å"go†, â€Å"want† and â€Å"listen†, such as in â€Å"*I want to go my future†, â€Å"*I want become a doctor†, and â€Å"*I want to listen the story†. In the case of errors in conditional sentences, on the other hand, the structure was usually grammatically correct, but the meaning was irrational. For example, if a writer mentioned a celebrity such as a historical man/woman, movie actor, singer, athlete or an imaginary character, s/he had to make the sentence conditional. However, some used simple present tense. One of these examples is, â€Å"*If I ride Doraemon’s time machine, I can go everywhere†. This type of error was put into verb tense errors under morphological errors. As an explanation of Japanese students’ use of conditional, Thompson (2001) asserts that even when students have mastered the mechanics of forming unreal conditionals and wishes in all their complexity, the problem of concept remains. Additionally, it is difficult for Japanese students to use conditionals correctly, for there is a disparity in the use of conditionals in English and Japanese. Another characteristic in the syntactic errors stemed from interference from Japanese, their mother tongue (L1 interference). L1 interference is considered a major obstacle to second and foreign language acquisition (Ellis, 2003; Ferris, 2005; Lightbrown Spada, 2002; Littlewood, 2002. Some examples from students’ essays are as follows: (a)* He challenged. ( ) (b)* They hit all over the world since 1984. ( 1984 ) In these sentences, the writers used English equivalents for the Japanese words, i. e. , (a) chousen-suru=challenge, and (b) itto-suru=hit. Incidentally, the verbs â€Å"challenge† and â€Å"hit† are transitive verbs, which means these sentences are grammatically incorrect; therefore, they were classified as syntactic errors. Other syntactic errors from L1 interference are observed in Page 8 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 8 relation to the choice of prepositions. The examples are: (c) *I will join to children’s network of UNICEF. ( ) (d) *I want to marry with him. ( ) The writers translated the Japanese prepositional particle â€Å"? [ni]† into â€Å"to† in example (c) and â€Å"? to]† into â€Å"with† in example (d). This type of error is common among Japanese students because transitive verbs include prepositions in their Japanese meanings; therefore it is hard to distinguish whether a verb is transitive or prepositional from the translated meanings. The second dominant error category was that of lexical errors, especially in first year student essays. Here again L1 interference was observed in word choices. (e) *I think his baseball soul is the biggest of all. ( ) (f) *I want to hear Murasaki Shikibu three questions. 3 ) In (e), â€Å"soul† and â€Å"big† do not match with each other in this context. The writer meant to say, â€Å"I think he has the strongest spirit in baseball. † In Japanese â€Å"soul† and â€Å"spirit† are given the same tr anslation as â€Å"? ( )tamashii. † Besides, neither soul nor spirit can be â€Å"big† but rather â€Å"strong†. In (f), the verb â€Å"hear† is derived from the Japanese word â€Å" ( ) kiku†, which can also mean â€Å"listen† or â€Å"ask† in Japanese. These students seemed to have picked up words without thinking about content and collocation. Presumably, in English class, there is a tendency for students not to consult dictionaries for language usage but to look up word meaning only, then memorize the main translation of the word, and use this translation regardless of context. The third and fourth prominent error categories were noun related morphological errors and mechanical errors, especially spelling mistakes. In noun errors, article errors outnumbered the rest, accounting for as much as 10% of the total. The problem with articles stems from the fact that the Japanese language has no concept of articles and the countable and uncountable distinction. It is natural that Japanese students have difficulty in using them correctly. In addition, articles are introduced near the end in many of grammar textbooks, which in a sense is parallel to the language Page 9 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 9 acquisition order described by Littlewood (2002) of a study of children acquiring morphemes in their native language. Plurals and articles have always been, and will continue to be difficult to teach to Japanese students, which is why some teachers wait until the end of school year to introduce them in class. Spelling mistakes, sorted as mechanical errors, comprised 10% of the total number of errors. This was partly because many students applied Japanese (katakana) pronunciation to English spellings. For example, writers who spelled *performence (performance), *calacter (character), and *confort (comfort) did not seem to spell according to his/her understanding of the pronunciation, but from how the words sound through the filter of katakana. Lastly the problem of organization as well as the use of conjunctions needs to be mentioned. Sentences starting with â€Å"because† were categorized as fragments which belonged to syntactic errors, whereas sentences starting with â€Å"and† and â€Å"so† were not treated as errors. â€Å"And† and â€Å"so† are taught as conjunctions that connect two phrases that carry equal weight in the sentence, whereas â€Å"because† is taught as a conjunction followed by a subordinate clause. However, the fact is that as many as 75 â€Å"and†s and 89 â€Å"so†s were observed at the beginning of the students’ sentences. James (1998) states that learners tend to overuse connectors to support logical relationships between propositions that just do not exist. It is probable that few students have learned how to organize English writing; that is, they do not know they should start with an introduction, followed by a main body, and then a conclusion, paying attention to the consistency of their thoughts. Those who were not familiar with English writing ended up listing items in order: who they wanted to meet, what they would like to do, and where they would like to go. Without cohesive devices such as paraphrasing and rephrasing, or markers that direct the logical flow of sentences, the writers could not communicate their ideas effectively. Conclusion How, then, can teachers empower students to become better writers? Obviously the class time allotted for writing is limited, yet there are things teachers can do in order to improve students’ Page 10 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 10 writing in other English classes. Judging from the fact that sentence fragments outnumbered other errors in this study, teachers need to draw students’ attention to the whole sentence structure and sentence combining when discussing verbs and other grammar points in class. The confusion between transitive/intransitive verbs and prepositional verbs can be pointed out in reading class, bringing awareness to the differences between English and Japanese. When students come up with a new verb, or even a familiar one, they should be aware of the conceptual gap between English and Japanese. One good example of a split between Japanese and English is the word (to see). There are many more English verbs for miru. In Japanaese miru is used when you perceive with your eyes, when you watch, look, view, overlook or investigate; when you take care of somebody like children or sick people, as in â€Å"kodomo wo miru†. You can even say miru when you try something, like ‘mitemiru’ or ‘yattemiru’, literally â€Å"try to see† and â€Å"try to do† respectively. Therefore, it is confusing for students to select the suitable equivalent of miru in English. They have to think about the context. Kowalski (2005) gives usages of in Figure 4: Figure 4 Different kinds of meanings associated with see (something that falls within your field of vision) look (intentionally at a stationary object) watch (something moving) Also, the gap between English and Japanese applies not only at sentential level but also to the lexical level. As I mentioned earlier, L1 interference affects both sentence structure and word choice. Underlying knowledge of usage and collocation enables students to choose the right words in right the places in their writing. Because of the avalanche of Japanese-English in the media, however, it has become even more difficult to eliminate these Japanglish words from students’ vocabulary. Teachers and learners should pay special attention not reinforce these words and phrases in the English language classroom. Page 11 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 11 Good writing, however, does not rely only on grammatical and lexical accuracy but also on the creativity in context and the logical flow of sentences. In order to write coherent, well-structured paragraphs and essays, the writers have to be creative and concentrate on the content as well. First, teachers can help students raise their awareness of how to organize English writing, and how units of sentences and paragraphs are connected with one another to form meaningful text. By recognizing the importance of coherency in their writing, the students can dedicate themselves to the ideas or message that they are trying to convey. I employ â€Å"process writing† for the improvement of this skill. In contrast to translation or guided composition, â€Å"process writing† emphasizes the processes such as planning, drafting, and reviewing (Johnson Johnson, 1998 cited in Furneaux, 2000). In this contest, only a few participants seemed to employ this approach, possibly because of the time constraints of the competition. By reflecting on their writing process, students will internalize their grammatical and lexical knowledge and utilize it for production. Another effective approach to improve writing skill is to work on other language skills. All four skills are interconnected. Even though writing classes are not consistently available in school curriculums, compared to reading and oral communication classes, students can cultivate their writing skills by consciously reading or listening. Krashen and Terrell (1983) claim that speech and writing production emerges by focusing on listening and reading. Extensive reading outside of the class, for instance, will become a rich source for extensive writing. Exposure to authentic writing will help students expand their vocabulary and write well-organized, reasonably cohesive essays. In conclusion, I believe that Japanese students can become competent writers of English with the appropriate support from teachers. Quoting Kramsch (1993): â€Å"Teachers have to impart a body of knowledge, but learners have to discover that knowledge for themselves in order to internalize it† (p. 6). I suggest that teachers integrate the grammar focus while encouraging creativity and teaching organizational form. Learners, on the other hand, can enrich their knowledge of language by taking every opportunity to use it, developing learning strategies outside of the class, and reflecting on the writing process before, during and after they write. Page 12 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 12 References Ellis, R. (2003). Second language acquisition. (8 th ed. ). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ferris, D. R. (2005). Treatment of error in second language writing. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. Furneaux, C. (2000). Process writing. The University of Reading school of linguistics and applied language studies. Retrieved September 29, 2005, from http://www. rgd. ac. uk/AcaDeps/cl/slas/process. htm James, C. (1998). Errors in language learning and use Exploring error analysis. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Kowalski, C. (2005). Translation in the writing class: friend or foe? In K. Bradford-Watts, C. Ikeguchi, M. Swanson (Eds. ). JALT2004 Conference Proceedings. Tokyo: JALT Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and culture in language teaching. New York: Oxford University Press. Krashen, S. D. Terrell, T. (1983). The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom. San Francisco:The Alemany Press. Lightbrown, P. M. Spada, N. (2002). How languages are learned. (2 nd. ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Littlewood, W. (2002). Foreign and second language learning. (17 th ed. ). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Minegishi, H. (2005, March). The questionnaire result. Saitama high school English education bulle tin, 41. 49-59. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. The course of study for foreign languages. 2003, March). Retrieved November 20, 2005, from http://www. mext. go. jp/english/shotou/030301. htm Sonoda, N. (2005). A comparative study of two approaches to English writing: translation and process writing. In K. Bradford-Watts, C. Ikeguchi, M. Swanson (Eds. ). JALT2004 Conference Proceedings. Tokyo: JALT Thompson, I. (2001). Japanese speakers. In M. Swan B. Smith (Eds), Learner English: A Page 13 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 13 teacher’s guide to interference and other problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. How to cite Citation of Error Analysis Essay, Essays

The Relationship Between Faith and Doubt free essay sample

Though the plot of the novel is quite complicated, the explanation for Owens effect on Johnnys faith is extremely simple; Owens life is a miracle he has supernatural visions and dreams, he believes that he acts as Gods instrument, and he has divine foresight of his own death and offers miraculous and almost undeniable evidence of Gods existence. The basic thematic shape of the novel is that of a tension being lifted, rather than a tension being resolved; Johnny struggles throughout the book to resolve his religious faith with his skepticism and doubt, but at the novels end he is not required to make a choice between the two extremes: Owens miraculous death obviates the need to make a choice, because it offers evidence that banishes doubt. Yet Johnny remains troubled, because Owens sacrificial death (he dies to save the lives of a group of Vietnamese children) seems painfully unfair. Johnny is left with the problem of accepting Gods will. In the end, he invests more faith in Owen himself than he invests in God he receives two visitations from Owen beyond the grave and he concludes the novel by making Owen something of a Prince of Peace, asking God to allow Owens resurrection and return to Earth. Of course, the thematic development of the novel is somewhat more complicated and cluttered than that. The presentation of religion in the book is continually undercut with irony and the constant presence of sex. Further the thematic development of the book is also inconsistent and indirect, in part because we are never able to obtain a secure view or outlook of Johnnys mind; he is such a subdued narrator that it is difficult to tell exactly where he stands during much of the novel, which often clouds our sense of his struggle with faith and doubt. This ambiguity underscores the important point that Irvings basic intention for his novel is not to present a philosophical meditation on the nature of God, but rather to tell a clutching story. Beyond a certain point, it is simply not rewarding to analyze the books explicit philosophical content as it is embodied in the books plot. Far richer and more redundant is the books roster of symbols and motifs, many of which are explicitly discussed by Johnny in key passages of the   novel. The most important symbol in A Prayer for Owen Meany is, for the titles sake, Owen; Owen embodies the relationship between the natural and the supernatural (also the novels main theme.    With his tiny, dwarfed body, his oddly glowing skin, and his nasal voice (always represented in the book by capital letters), Owen is not entirely of this world his appearance affirms his bizarre spiritual life, in which he seems to be in direct communication with God. On the other hand, Owen is very much of this world; he grows up in a granite quarry, and his name is Meany a word signifying commonness and smallness to most Gravesend citizens. For all his eccentricity, Owen in many ways represents the spiritual condition of humankind; the difference between most people and Owen is that he is aware of being an instrument of God. His fatalistic faith converges on his apocalyptic knowledge of his own heroic death, for which he prepares all his life. Owen believes that everything happens under the will of God he continues to believe after hitting a foul ball at a Little League game which in turn accidentally kills Johnnys mother. Another key motif in the book is that of armless images and amputation. The book abounds with images of people and objects that lack body parts, most often arms: Watahantowets armless totem, the armless dressmakers dummy, the declawed armadillo, Johns amputated finger, the armless statue of Mary Magdalene, and Owen himself, who loses his arms in the explosion that causes his death, and to a lesser extent Lydias leg amputation. In the book, as Johnny often thinks to himself, armless images represents a number of different ideas: the helplessness of people against the injustice of fate; the pain caused by that injustice; the loss of loved relations or possessions; the surrender of the individual to God (in the sense that God takes ones arms, using them as his instruments as when Owen swings the fatal bat). Structurally, the book favors a rambling, expansive narrative that skips from memory to memory and scene to scene apparently at the whim of Johnnys first-person narration. The memoir-like form of the book means that much of Johnnys experience plays out concurrently with important events in American historythe Kennedy assassination and the Iran-Contra scandal, to name two and Johnnys commentary about these events forms an important sub-theme of the book. Johnnys obsession with America often overshadows his narrative focus on his childhood and his thematic focus on religion, and he frequently loses sight of his story in long diatribes against the Reagan administration. The books psychological study of Johnny is somewhat hazy, because Johnnys nature as a narrator is to keep the focus off himself; but it is clear that, for all his protestations of religious faith, he is a deeply damaged and bitter man as he narrates the story. Throughout much of the book, Johnnys anger about America seems to stem from his feelings of loss and outrage about the death of Owen Meany; whatever else has happened to him, it is clear that he has been unable to move beyond the events that he narrates in the novel. He continues to live in the past.

Relationship between budget deficits and tax cutting

Table of Contents Introduction Current situation on budget deficits The problem Economic explanation of the problem and reasons Economic explanation of the solution Conclusion Works Cited Introduction A budget deficit comes about when the government’s spending exceeds government revenue. That is, income from taxes and other sources are not adequate to meet the expenditure. In most cases, budget deficit calls for either external or internal borrowing or increase of taxes. On the other hand, tax cuts refer to reduction in the rate of taxes. Tax cuts impact the economy by reducing the real income of the government while increasing the real income of the taxpayers.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Relationship between budget deficits and tax cutting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Current situation on budget deficits In the United States, the famous Bush Tax Cuts were introduced in 2001 and 2003. Thes e cuts were supposed to expire in 2010 but President Obama agreed to extend them to the next two years up to 2012. His reasons behind tax cutting were to encourage investors and enhance creation of employment. Within the first four years of the tax cut, revenues had gone down by around $474 billion with the overall decrease being $2.4 trillion to date (CBO 18). President Obama has also assented tax-cutting laws, including the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (AARA) and the Recovery Act, which is worth $243 billion by the year 2012. These are meant to benefit each American household and reduce family’s income tax payments by $800. The December 2010 taxes deal â€Å"Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, is said to cost $400 billion† (CBO 20). All these cuts put together, are going to amount to $654 billion in 2011 and 2012. The difference between Obama’s tax cuts and Bush’s is that, Obama mostly targeted the middle class and even distribution of wealth, while bush was skewed to the few rich. Secondly, Obama’s tax cuts are temporary and most likely to expire next year. The problem In august 2011, the monthly deficit was $44 higher than the amount recorded last year the same time. In total, the government spent $303 billion and gathered $169 billion. The deficit skyrocketed to $1.41 trillion in the 2009 financial year. According to the 2012 budget of the United States federal government issued on February 14, 2011, by President Obama, the total expenditure is going to be $2.627 while the total revenue collected will amount to an estimated $3.729 trillion. This implies that there is an estimated $1.101 trillion budget deficit in 2012 (CBO 115). As indicated by statistics in the current situation, tax cuts have led to a reduction in government revenue, whether permanent or temporary. Some economists argue that the tax cuts initiated by Bush were meant to benefit the high-income hous eholds by far. He allegedly gave tax cuts to the rich along with tax breaks, although others claim that the benefits extended to both the middle and lower income earners.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The10 year’s tax cut decreased the revenues because they led to the rich paying fewer taxes, yet they should make the biggest contributions to government revenue. The tax cuts did not benefit middle and low class, and thus provision for services called for greater spending. Bush did not look at the long-term effects of the tax cut. Some look at it as a case where the tax cuts could not â€Å"pay for themselves.† Although, the policy could have worked in the first quarters, in the overall, it left the economy with 9.1% unemployment and fall in revenues. Economic explanation of the problem and reasons When Bush came up with the tax cuts in 2001 and 2003, perh aps he was being influenced by supply-side economics. According to supply-side economics, tax reductions can be used to stimulate investments and create employment. However, this effect cannot be achieved without balancing the decrease in revenue and reduction in government spending. This is because a tax cut leads to a fall in real income for the government, but a rise in real income to those whose tax has been cut. When investors experience increased real incomes, they lead to increase in investments, and thus creating more jobs. If the real income of consumers increase, they are more likely to spend and thus stimulate small and medium enterprises and the economy in general. However, this economic phenomenon is determined by behavior of taxpayers (business or consumers) (CBO 35). If this concept does not work, then investments and growth expected will not materialize. If the government accommodates tax cuts, it must initiate measures to reduce government services and spending in g eneral and enhance its capacity to redistribute wealth to avoid income inequalities. Tax cuts cause budget deficit when governments spending does not reduce to compensate the effect of lost revenue. They also cause deficit if the tax cut benefits the upper class wealth owners and thus real incomes of consumers do not increase to stimulate investments leading to employment and growth of output. This leads to increased spending on unemployment benefits, heath care, and Medicaid, therefore leading to deficits. Additionally, implementation of tax cut should be as progressive as possible to ensure that tax savings do not go to rich investors or executives who might not use it to create employment. Economic explanation of the solution To address budget deficit, various fiscal methods can be adopted. First, the government can raise taxes to increase their revenues to match their expenditure. Secondly, the government can reduce its public spending especially on capital projects that do not have short-term effect on economic growth.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Relationship between budget deficits and tax cutting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The government can as well reduce expenditure on services like freezing non-defense optional spending, capping subsidies for instance in some sectors like farming, reducing Medicaid rate by around 5%, substituting Medicare drug benefit with drug card, and sinking entitlement on spending by 2 or 3 percent through target of fraud, waste, and exploitation(CBO 135). The worst available option is to borrow, because the interest rates get sour in deficits. In addition, this further accumulates public debt hence possibility of the economy falling. Increasing taxes is the most appropriate way to curb budget deficit due to its ability to increase government’s income and at the same time reduce income inequalities. Income inequalities hinder many econo mic tools that are used to run the economy, both fiscal and monetary. When an equitable tax system is used, it achieves both the objectives of increasing investments, employment, and output. The raise in taxes should be realistic to avoid scaring off investors or disadvantaging a section of the society especially low-income earners who influence government spending. The best solution is to have a mixture of both increase in taxes and reduced government expenditure. Conclusion Tax cuts undoubtedly affect budget deficit in a big way especially due to revenue. If tax cuts are meant to stimulate growth, the government should majorly focus on the behavior of the taxpayer and economic climate like inflation, otherwise it could lead to large deficits. The government should target a certain group of the public that is more likely to compensate revenue lost in form of taxes. It is also important to avoid or carefully examine long-term effects of tax cuts. To get a solution to budget deficits , it is important to instill a mix of reducing government expenditure and equitable rise in taxes. Works Cited Congress of the United States: Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Reducing the deficit: spending and revenue options. 2011- September 30, 2011. https://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/120xx/doc12085/03-10%20ReducingTheDeficit.pdfAdvertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This assessment on Relationship between budget deficits and tax cutting was written and submitted by user Axel Mcguire to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Marketing Mix Paper

Marketing Mix Paper Marketing Mix PAGE 1IntroductionIn marketing there are many essential tools that aide in creating successful marketing strategies, however a solid understanding of the most important set of tools is the marketing mix. By use of example of a successful company the marketing mix will be further explored through discussion of the Four P's, analyzing the impacts that the marketing mix may have on the overall marketing strategy, in addition to exploring the implementation of each of the Four P's.Starbucks CoffeeStarbucks Coffee located in Seattle, Washington was founded in 1971 at the well known Pikes Place Market (Starbucks Coffee, 2007). The company is known around the world and can be spotted on numerous streets by their green store signs and creative circular logo offering delectable rich roasted coffee creations. As the company grew so did the Starbucks product line, introducing sweets to accompany beverages, essential equipment for at home brewing, groovy sounds on CD that are play ed in store and a nice selection of gifts that any coffee drinker would enjoy receiving.Deutsch: Zusammenhang zwischen Marketing-Mix, 4 Ps...As a top global brand and world leader in lipsticks, fragrances and anti-aging skincare, Avon continues to revolutionize the beauty industry by launching innovative, first-to-market products using Avon-patented technology. In addition, our growth vision includes expanding into new geographies, bringing our high-quality products and personalized service to more women. Throughout the years, Avon has always been a legacy, for brand name product, and the reputation to earn a responsible corporate pay. The founder, David H. McConnell, built this company on solid values and principles with a longstanding commitment to the highest standards of ethics and integrity. As a result, Avon has been consistently recognized as one of the most admired companies and one of the best companies to work for, with a highly diverse...

Why tell the truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why tell the truth - Essay Example In the case of lying, a public speaker claiming that all those who suffer right now are being punished for their sins. This is lying since Job has also undergone adverse circumstances without having sinned. People are made to believe by the speaker that â€Å"contract faith† exists and not God’s will for his people. Bearing false witness is committed by a public speaker who tells his listeners that he was there when the crime happened when in fact he fabricated a story. This is often committed by people who are being paid to create a false witness. 2. The article â€Å"Why Tell the Truth† by Joseph Stowell explains clearly by citing biblical passages that telling a lie is definitely a violation of God’s will. Truth is fixed and should not be relative depending upon the culture or environment. The bible qualifies a righteous man by â€Å" The one whose walk is blameless, who does what is righteous, who speaks the  truth  from their heart â€Å" ( Psalm 15: 2, NIV). Also, telling the truth has repercussions as Proverbs 14 : 25 says â€Å" A   truthful witness saves lives, but a false witness is deceitful†. Lying is dangerous and can inflict misery upon the lives of both the liar and the victim. 3. Plagiarism is wrong because it constitutes stealing another person’s idea or work. Back in the olden days intellectual property did not exist then. People often covet material things or possessions that do not belong to them like other people’s spouse. Today, knowledge, information and data can be considered as commodities or goods that have a certain value in them. Plagiarism is another person’s creation similar to an artist’s paintings or a composer’s music sheet. It was explicitly commanded in the Bible that people should not steal and this refers to everything that a man owns. In Ephesians 4:28 ( ESV) it is stated that

Thesis amendments Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Amendments - Thesis Example nglish is focused primarily on just learning the language without any reference to or intention of learning cultures associated with English, even if some cultural scenarios are included in the textbooks analysed. There also appears to be an inconsistency in the objective of the KSA Department of Education pertinent to English teaching in Saudi Arabia. Finally, it has been found out that studying English does not affect the learners’ appreciation of the Arabic culture. These results have been arrived at via the application of discourse analysis, which is the research methodology used, to some of the books used in teaching English in Saudi Arabia. The books that have been subjected to discourse analysis are Say It In English Series (SIIE) and English for Saudi Arabia Series (EFS). No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. I am heartily thankful to my supervisor, Dr. Howard Nicholas, whose continuous support and encouragement helped me a lot to acquire the basic skills of writing my thesis. Also I am grateful for his unlimited help even in weekends. This study examines the English cultural elements presented in two Saudi English learning textbook series. Chapter one introduces the general background to teaching and learning English in Saudi Arabia, the cultural challenges this presents. It then identifies the main problem involved and the states the purpose of the study as well. Chapter two develops and discusses some arguments using secondary research regarding the integration of English and its culture and general views of how the foreign culture can be introduced. The historical background gives an overview of the important relationship between language and culture, discusses the rationale for and measures taken for providing protection to the native culture, details the Saudi experience, and

Ecological Footprint Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ecological Footprint Analysis - Article Example Further on the most popular methodologies of environmental impact measurement, such as the Ecological Footprint Analysis (EFA) and the Carbon Footprint are considered. The Ecological Footprint Analysis (EFA) first occurred in 1996 and was focused on measurements of consumed natural resources. This concept is defined in the following way: â€Å"the total area of biologically productive land and water required by an entity to sustain its current consumption levels† (Haque 2005). EFA is a helpful tool defining the magnitude of consumption. Every nation has its own measurement of EFA. For example, Canadian footprint is 7.8 ha per capita (Schmidt 2002, p. N/A). Therefore, in average, every citizen of the planet consumes 2 hectares of earth. There are many benefits of EFA as the measurement method of ecological consumption. This measurement enables nations to develop patterns of consumption. Moreover, the EFA serves as a factor of sustainability influencing policy changes and practi ces. Nevertheless, there are also some drawbacks in EFA. This measurement is a static and consumption is presented as a static phenomenon measured at a certain point of time. Each person can consume less goods and services and in such a way, it is not a realistic way to appropriate and consumption measurement of ecological resources. There are many factors missed in measurement of EFA, such as toxic waste production and assimilation, but much attention is paid only to environmental impact of the consumption. Very often EFA is beneficial, because it is very quick and does not require numerous attributes to the sample. There are many impurities related to gas, crucible and accelerator. In average, carbon contribution to the carbon signal can be measured and calculated (York, 2009, p. N/A). There are numerous inconsistencies triggered by the levels of impurity and this affects a failure of exact measurements. The accuracy of determination is often questioned because of quick measuring methodologies. Basically, EFA refers to the amount of resources consumed by people, especially water and land. A Carbon Footprint is focused on greenhouse gases emission. EFA contains greenhouse gas calculations. Both of these methods are focused on human activities’ impact on the ecology and the environment. Actually, there is an evident difference between these two methods, such as operational mode of methods. EFA looks like an accounting balance sheet of the global world. Minus side of the sheet is occupied by resource-consuming activities supporting human life, such as energy consumption, logging, construction, fishing or hunting and waste caused by those activities. On the plus side there is the Earth's bio-capacity, i. e. the natural ability of the environment to replace the resources and consume the waste (Heddings and Wendy, 2009, p. N/A). Ecological footprints are focused on estimation of sea and forest areas, which absorb greenhouse gases. The strategy of carbon foo tprints measurements has been widely spread for a long period of time (Wheeler 2004, p. N/A). The areas of greenhouse gas waste are used for increasing awareness of the gas impact on climate change. People contribute much to burn fossil fuels directly impacts an ecological footprint. More greenhouse gases require more sea and forest

Performance Objectives At The Dell Company

Performance Objectives At The Dell Company Dell is concerned about the satisfaction of the customers requirements. The company is also having an eye on the price factor. Furthermore Dell is helping its own suppliers to improve the services they are offering to the company. In regards to Dell, here are the basic five performance objectives of Dell. This includes Quality, Speed. Dependability, Flexibility, Cost (Slack, N. Et al, 2001) The performance objectives in accordance to the company Dell. Quality Doing the things in the right way by providing the error free goods and services, which will satisfy the needs of customers, is known as the quality. According to many case studies, IBM products are ranked as the top of the year in the third party customer surveys. Dell Assembling and manufacturing process covers assembly and software installation of the computer system, also it includes the functional testing and quality control. Most of the company operations are done in house to measure and keep the quality high. Speed The second performance objective is the speed, which means that by doing things fastly is the key feature of the best companies. It also covers to minimise the time between the order and the availability of the product or service that the customer a speed advantage. The techniques of Dell are focused to the operations that have reduced complexity by using simple and small process which have reduced complexity. By arranging layout and flow to enhance simplicity improves speed of production. As the era of machines have minimised the working of the human beings. So the company Dell is using the most advanced and simple means of building and assembling the computers. Dependability Dependability is another performance objective of operations. It means that doing things in time for customers to receive the goods or the services when their delivery is promised. The Dell process includes Just-in- time (JIT) production system. To get the good result Dell is holding the multi skilled workers to cope up with its daily business operations. At Dell improving quality and efficiency is a concern for the managers and the technical staff and all other concerned employees. By doing this, Dell is giving a dependability advantage to its customers. Flexibility Dell have the philosophy of responding to the dynamic environment is that organization change their products and services the way do the business. This performance objective is known as flexibility. A clear result of responding to a dynamic environment is that organisation change their products and services and changes the way they do business. This performance objective is known as flexibility. According to research that we must learn to love change and develop flexible and responsive organizations to cope with the dynamic business environments (Peters, T., 1998) In the company Dell, the manufacturing means the ability to adopt its efficient resources so that it can develop new products. On contrary IBM was able to achieve high level of flexibility, producing relatively small batches of different products with little or no loss of productivity and quality. During the past years Dell, has provided range of options that customers are able to choose the example is customised computer system, which user can modify the parts according to their own needs by going on the website of Dell. Cost One of the major Dell operations objectives is to remain the low cost producer. Particularly the companies are competing on the pries is the cost factor. As the low price is the universal attraction for the customers, which can be achieved at producing the low cost. In order to do things cheaply, Dell is looking to be the low cost provider of goods and services. So already the company have planned and on other hand got some operations majorly in china where the cheap labour is available and the factors of production like resources physically available to be remained the low cost producer. Also internally, cost performance is helped by good performance in the other performance objectives that Dell has managed to produce high quality computers at a reasonable price. By improving the quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and cost operations performance, Dell is a global growth and high percentage of customer satisfaction. Because of the success in the production by using the Just-in-time system of manufacturing and developments, Dell is world known brand. Dell is world leader in supply chain management and it keeps the production cost down with the high quality, maximum speed, on time delivery, flexibility. Dell has the supplies from those companies which are also the market leader in the computer industry. Dell has shifted its operations to different countries like china, Korea and Taiwan in search of the cheap input (raw material and labour). This makes easier for Dell to produce products at a lower cost. Operating continuously gives dependability advantage to its customers by making it easy to deliver its production in the market palace. Using these operations objectives Del has managed to keep its customers happy and compete successfully with other companies in global market. Analysing these characteristics we can say that Dell is a world class company Quality Management Tools at Dell The company Dell is following the Japanese philosophy of lean manufacturing and Just-in-time system which is enabling the company to be the fastest growing company in the Technology market. The basic concept of this system is to reduce the waste and increase the productivity, side by side this system have the efficiency that it reduce the labour cost by cutting the idle working hours for the production of a particular product. Dell computer is participating in both of the above activities and that is why they are the industry leaders. Dell Company has got a warehouse space at their manufacturing plant in which suppliers keep parts directly on site which is a quintessential JIT layout. Further to this the company is using the JIT for its inventories purpose where they are keeping all the inventories for only four days and this is how they are solving the supply chain problems. On the other hand Del is maintaining the Just In Time inventory level as it is a part of JIT scheduling. By introducing such systems Dell Company is working to reduce inventory to the lowest possible working levels. Secondly by introducing such systems Dell is adjusting its schedule of ordering and delivering the computer systems. This is also filling the gap of communication both up and down of supply chain management. The word partnership is the only key to success for making JIT truly working. A firm particularly cannot implement the JIT system by itself. It must be having a complete cooperation with its supply chain. The company have successfully implemented the concept of JIT. For that reasons Dell have particularly formed and nurtured a demanding relationship with its partners. That is why Dell and its suppliers are working a one company. Why Dell is the best example of JIT, because Dell has its suppliers store raw materials directly at the manufacturing plants. The whole scenario of lean manufacturing can be shown in the diagram below: (www.dynarax.es) The other concepts of Just In Time system also needed to be introduced if the company is going for the lean manufacturing systems. The first thing that Dell makes is the rule of continuous improvement in its processes and products by means of quality and for production efficiency is another tool for that. To achieve its best Dell is always looking for the innovative ways to solve problems and increase focus on the quality of its suppliers. Dell believes that all are the cornerstones of JIT system. On the other hand Dell is working its best to the workforce to get indulge them into the JIT system. The company have the philosophy that without the dedication of the workforce, any invention will fail. On contrary Dell is using the simple way to achieve workforce commitment. Dell is providing the facility of training its employees outside their work environments and business functions and also company is helping them to increase the problem solving ability. Dell also believes that by practicing the above exercise the firm is empowering and giving the employees an overall view of the entire Dell operations, not just their single job. By doing this dell is supporting from the management side also they are increasing the resources to solve problems and an increase in employee roles and responsibilities. The workforce automatically feels empowered and works to make Just In Time a success for the business of Dell. Benefits to Dell Following are benefits which Dell has achieved so far by implementing the JIT system in its operations. JIT enabled Dell to be cost effective, more efficient and customer responsive. It enabled the company to purchase and store the components just before they are needed in the assembly line. This is how Dell is cutting the cost of housing and managing the idle parts of computers. The company Dell enabled its suppliers to store their products in the Dell owned warehouses near to the assembling plants which is enabling Dell to produce double as compared to its production in past. Dells keep the inventory for only four days; this is enabling the firm in operating context the size and the production technology management. JIT enabling the company to remain dealing with its other operation and process of production rather to stuck with inventory that may become obsolete. Dell is also enabled with the waste management system by introducing the JIT system. JIT In Practice Dell is a well known brand which is operating in the business of Technology. This is a only company that is effectively utilising Just in time system. Dell has the revolution of selling the personal computer system using the direct business model. According to this model Dell is taking the orders directly from the customers. This is how they are reducing the inventory and managing the distribution of its products. According to this model Dell start assembling the product when they receive the customer order. For this particular purpose Dell have introduced the pull system within the supply chain. A pull system is a reactive system, it start responding when customers order something from the company. This unique system is making Dell to remain competitive with in the industry on computer systems. The company Dell use to keep their inventory for a week almost. This is providing Dell with a time to market its product as a market leader. Also it is enabling the customers to get the fresh, latest and greatest technology of processors and all associated operating system currently introduced in the market. The minimal inventory helps Dell with the economic advantage. Because according to a research the value of the computer components and manufacturing material declines about one percent per week. The one week inventory system also minimises a customers ability to change their desires before they receive their product. The company Dell is using the JIT system which is resulting in the cost saving, superior customers satisfaction, limited waste and the ability to provide their suppliers with more information. In the end it is making Dell an industry leader and the company which holds minimal inventory (www.academicmind.com) Conclusion While concluding the report for Dell, it is important to say that there are many factors which ar enabling the company to be an effective organization and the operations objectives and the JIT system of manufacturing is also allowing the company to remain as the market leader in the computer industry.

Depression Essay -- essays research papers fc

People suffering from depression experience a lasting and continuously depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, and even maintain interest in life. The occasional feeling of being â€Å"blue† does not usually cause a downward spiral into depression. People suffering from major depressive episodes may feel so fatigued that they cannot go to work, school, or even do the simple things we take for granted. They may sleep day and night, have problems concentrating, and feel so deeply sad and guilty. This could lead to infinite thoughts of suicide. Thus showing that depression has an effect on a person’s mind and personal life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When depression ends, most people return to a â€Å"normal† emotional level. In some cases, however, people rebound to the opposite state, also known as, â€Å"mania.† The spectrum of manic symptoms can be quite severe, ranging from cyclothymia to severe delusional mania. Cyclothymia, which usually starts in the adolescent years or early adulthood, is also known as fluctuations of mood between mild elation and depression (Daly 1997). The most common form of manic depression is the bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is characterized by clinically marked mood swings between mania and depression (Daly 1997). These forms of manic depression are obtained in many ways. They can be passed on generation to generation within a family. It can also be obtained through the use of drugs as well as alcohol. Yet, one of the major causes for mania is neurological lesions or other states affecting the brain (Daly 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a person is diagnosed with manic depression, he or she will have certain outbreaks and episodes that range in severity and outcome. Clinical description and diagnosis of a manic depressant may begin abruptly, over the space of a few hours or days, or gradually over some weeks. The subjective experience of mania in its minor form usually includes heightened feelings of well being with increased alertness and drive, inflated self-esteem, and expansive sociability (Daly 1997). In addition to the increased sense, irritability may easily be evoked, and other mood states such as anxiety or sadness, brief but intensely expressed, may become apparent (Daly 1997). As mania deepens, over-activity and excessive talkativeness become more obvious. These are the signs of... ...tection or out of consideration for others (Gonzalez-Heydrich 1996).† As we grow older our minds expand. Depression can set in at an early point in your life or late into it. Traumatic episodes and even thoughts can play a role in the dilemma of depression. This disease can be controlled, yet think about those who cannot afford the treatment. Who do they turn to? They are going to live the rest of their lives in an altered state of depression forever. Works Cited Croghan, W. Thomas, Obenchain, L. Robert, and Crown E. William. July 1998. What does Treatment of Depression really Cost? Health Affairs. Daly, Ian. Mania. Lancet 1997:349 (9059): 1157-1160. Gonzalez-Heydrich, Joseph. The Depresses Child and Adolescent: Development and Clinical Perspectives. N Engl J Med; 334: 1410-1411. Hirschfeld, M.A. Robert, & Russell M., James. 1997. Current Concepts: Assessment and Treatment of Suicidal Patients. N Engl J Med; 337: 910-915. Partonen, Timo, & Lonnqvist, Jouko. 1998. Seasonal Affective Disorder. Lancet 1998; 352 (9137):1369-1374. Price, H. Lawerence, & Heninger, R. George. 1994. Drug Therapy: Lithium in the Treatment of Mood Disorders. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 591-598.