Lawyers, Scientists Urge Ethics in Biological Advances

In this news story, the worries of researchers toward an irreverent way to deal with the advances of organic sciences and building are inspected. A significant part of the article fixates on a keynote address conveyed by Harvard Law School educator Einer Elhauge where the teacher states â€Å"The issue is that individuals tend not to concentrate on the results of specific types of human re-engineering.†The educator proceeds to remark that the incredible walks in organic science may yield an extraordinary number of advances in helping mankind defeat various illnesses and burdens, yet he likewise recognizes that there is incredible potential for misuse. Instances of such maltreatment incorporate issues, for example, adjusting the sex of a youngster in the belly or even a hard of hearing family naturally building the deafness of their offspring.Ultimately, the Elhuage’s center is to persuade established researchers that, despite the fact that it has organic innovation to m odify development, it should utilize moral gauges before leaving on the notorious â€Å"playing God† idea that Mary Shelly cautioned science about 250+ years ago.To an incredible degree, the article is exact as far as its introduction and call for good and moral awareness. Because science arrives at the mechanical or organic advances of a profoundly developed society doesn't imply that science can now re-organize what is considered ethically satisfactory in the hearts and brains of the populace. All things considered, science ought to comprehend the restrictions of moral and good conduct and not approach headways with absolute carelessness and amorality.Congressman Calls out Tech Firms on China Ethics.The main part of the motivation behind this article is to put the onus on American and universal organizations to reevaluate their activities while enabling China by directing broad business with the nation.In the article, it is accounted for that Congressman Chris Smith has tak en web organizations, for example, Yahoo, Google, Sysco Systems, and so on to task for obliging China’s web oversight program. This may not appear to be a completely significant issue, yet one needs to remember that China is principally a military-mechanical complex fascism that has a loathsome record for human rights infringement. As Smith calls attention to, when American organizations work couple with countries with such odious track records they empower such fascisms and help sustain critical human rights violations.Furthermore, it is noticed that columnists in China have been reprimanded and rebuffed and detained for practicing their free discourse. Smith proposes that American organizations that add to such a situation ought to be fined and sanctioned.What Smith is basically doing here is he is convincing American organizations to adjust to moral norms of conduct and that is admirable. Be that as it may, these organizations have restricted capacity regarding having the option to shape residential Chinese law. Besides, in such an exceptionally serious universal business condition, it is hard to force morals as characterized by one country onto another country, regardless of how honorable the reason. Smith’s explanations are estimable, yet it isn't altogether clear on the off chance that they will be successful.Ethics load up fines Dow for giving state laborers plane rideAs the title of the article derives, the focal point of the morals contention this article manages is a fine demanded at Dow Chemicals as much as $2,500.00 for flying three state school representatives to an out of state preparing program. At the hour of the issue of dispute, Dow was propelling a co-usable preparing program with the state school (Louisiana Community and Technical College) and gave free carrier passes to representatives for meeting purposes. This, be that as it may, was an infringement of state ethic laws, subsequently the fine.This situation strikes one as, w ell, senseless. For Dow to repay the carrier tickets of three state laborers so all gatherings can work through a co-employable endeavor scarcely appears dishonest conduct, in spite of the fact that it is characterized as such under state morals laws. While the entire situation puts on a show of being a pointless furor about a pointless subject (really, $2500 to a multi-billion dollar organization, for example, Dow is fundamentally nothing), it in fact is an infringement of state laws and the demanded fine is substantial. Be that as it may, it doesn't appear any genuine, genuine moral infringement really took place.If anything, the circumstance shows up increasingly like a blunder as the aftereffect of an oversight instead of a purposeful moral infringement. Oversights, be that as it may, are not a reason for not following bearings. In such manner, the ruling against Dow was substantial and the fine imposed justified.BibliographyAnon. (2007, February 9) Ethics load up fines Dow for giving state laborers plane ride.The Associated Press.â Retrieved February 12, 2007 fromhttp://money.aol.com/news/articles/_a/morals load up fines-dow-for-giving-state/n20070209095709990003Schwankert, Steven.â (2007, February 12) Congressman Calls out Tech Firms onChina Ethics. IDG News Service, Retrieved February 12, 2007, fromhttp://www.infoworld.com//07/02/12/HNcongressmanchinaethics_1.html/article/sourcedomain =www.dailyfreepress.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.comZerey, Ralpha. (2007, February 12) Lawyers, Scientists Urge Ethics in BiologicalAdvances. The Daily Free Press. Recovered February 12, 2007, fromhttp://media.www.dailyfreepress.com/media/stockpiling/paper87/news/2007/02/12/News/Lawyers.Scientists.Urge.Ethics.In.Biological.Advances-2712941.shtml?

Discussion Assignment On Learning Styles And Gagnes Theory

The Divergers take the encounters and they contemplate them, the veering from a solitary encounter to the various prospects is in footings of what it may mean. Furthermore, they resemble to ask the request ‘why ‘ , and they will get down from the thing to the useful work which is up to the enormous picture. They other than appreciate in take separating and in working with the others however they resemble a self-restraint of the boat and they fret over the battles. The Divergers are normally affected by different residents and them like in having a helpful sort of inputs. The Divergers like to larn through the intelligent course or by the hands-one geographic campaign with the discussions which will take to the find. ( Rickettes )Convergers:The convergers consider about the things thus simply search out in their musings so as to check whether they can work in design. They ever prefer to ask the request ‘how ‘ about the condition of affairss, they have great com prehension of the things as how impacts work in design. The convergers like the realities and they will look to do the things proficient in doing moment and careful changes. They wish to work with themselves, they accepting actually cautiously and like moving actually self-governingly. The Convergers learn through the connection and have a PC based guidance which is more proficient than different techniques learned by them.Accomodators:The obligers have a large portion of the hands-on the assaults, with a strong inclination which is for making rather than for accepting. They all prefer to ask the request ‘what if? ‘ what's more ‘why non? ‘ so as to back up their activity for their first assault. Convergers do non like the usual way of doing things and will take creative risks so as to perceive what is venturing out to go on. They extremely much prefer to inquire about the intricacy by the immediate interface and to larn more beneficial by them than with diffe rent people groups. As they may be foreseeing this since they like their guardianships to be in the down to earth procurement ‘s rather than on the talks.Learners:The students are holding the most intellectual kind of assaults ; they like to accept than to move. Students like to ask the requests like ‘What is at that place I can cognize? ‘ and they like the sorted out and the organized kind of worries. The students lean toward the discussions for larning and with the methodology of introductions where it is conceivable, and it will regard the discernment of the specialists. Students will other than larn through the discussions that will take an intelligent and a keen sort of assault. So it is extremely much clear for how to design the designs for these sorts. The planning of theseA creating programsA can be embraced simply when there is an away from for the arrangement of the points which has been framed. The preparing points is clears to what the end must be picked up till the stoping of the planning plans that is the thing that the learners are to be obvious to have the option to complete at the stoping of their arrangement programs.A The readiness objectivesA ever help the mentors for the structuring of the readiness of the plans. The various plans ought to be set down for the various sorts of the students for the individuals who are trusting in speculations should hold those kind of plans and the researchers who put stock in commonsense comprehension for them examples ought to be composed and the general choices which comes is that the cantonments should hold a general arrangement strategy which ought to get down from hypotheses to the examples. ( Kirkpatrick ‘s foour-level readiness rating hypothetical record, 2010 )Learning spheres:First of all, Gagne ‘s hypothesis supplies an incredible exchange of important data to teachers and the coaches. The observed Robert Gagne ‘s had a hypothesis for the bearing that has given a monstrous entire number of treasured musings to the instructional the inside decorators, the mentors, and the educators yet it genuinely extremely utile to everybody during all occasions. Driscoll has broken the Gagne ‘s hypothesis into three significant or nations wh ich are the scientific classification for the larning kind of results, the states of procurement, and the occasions of picking up Harmonizing to my conviction it is the most engaging way for those students or the coaches who might be extremely right off the bat in their guidance purposes for living and now they are in the interest of the development for their meeting kind of projects and holding an all encompassing sight of their guidance or for the improvement of the planning plans. The given kind of hypothesis is in extremely efficient and rigid at the main part of the focuses. In any case, by the systematic condition of the speculation it might resemble a mood killer for a considerable lot of the planning plans, and unconventionally for every one of those creating plans which resemble to be originative. ( Kirkpatrick ‘s four level of rating )Gagne ‘s TheoryAs prior clarified the Gagne ‘s hypothesis of the guidance is typically destroyed into the three Fieldss. T he first of these Fieldss is talked about under the phrasing of the larning kind of results. The Gagne ‘s scientific classification for the guidance kind of results resembles somewhat equivalent with the Bloom ‘s scientific categorization sort of the psychological, enthusiastic, and the psychomotor results where a portion of the scientific classifications were anticipated by hypothesis of Bloom, however in certainty it is finished by the others. Gagne assumed that it was imperative to make sure about the universes who took in the capablenesss into the classs or the circles. The gagne ‘s scientific classification is abiding of the five classs for the instructive outcomes like the verbal kind of data, the levelheaded kind of achievements, the psychological sort of plans, the perspectives, and the engine achievements. Gagne with the guide of Briggs and Wager in the year1992 explained that each of these classs had prompts the various classifications of the human open i ntroduction under the advice plans. Key to the Gagne ‘s considerations of the heading where he calls the â€Å" states of the procurement ‘s † and he separated these contemplations into the inside and the outside sort of fortunes. The 1 with the interior fortunes exchange with prior intellectual achievements of the researcher. In different words, it very well may be said that what the amateur knows old to the readiness plans. The current outside fortunes need to cover with the carefully behaviouristic sort of term that is introduced remotely to the beginner. For delineation: What kind of guidelines is given to the student? So there were the techniques or the ways by which Robert characterized the outcome framework. And all his system is extremely important in building up the planning plans. So we can reason that Gagne had a huge and immense part in the advancement of the planning plans. ( Cunningham, 1996 )Training Evaluation:Kirkpatrick ‘s four degree hypothetical records for the rating of the planning plans are:Level One †Chemical reaction:As the word itself infers, that the rating at this degree measures for how the researchers do react with the arrangement plans. The degree is actually every now and again estimated by the disposition of polls that are endorsed out after the a large portion of the readiness classes. This level of it estimates one thing that is the researcher ‘s perceptual experience or the response for the classs. The researchers are actually habitually acutely aware for what they require to require to cognize so as to bring through the endeavors. On the off chance that this arrangement neglects to fulfill their requests, so a finding ought to be finished with respect to whether it ‘s the obligation of the arrangement program or discharge. ( Four obtaining habits, 2011 ) This degree is non simply revelatory for the arrangement ‘s introduction of the conceivable as it do non mensurate what the new achievements does the researchers have picked up or what they will hold to larn with the goal that it will reassign back to the working sort of milieus. This has lead to do a portion of the appointed authorities for the down show of its qualities. The association, thought process and the going to of the members which are often extremely basic with the accomplishment of any of the arrangement strategy which the individuals habitually learn improved when they react emphatically to the guidance condition by sing its centrality. ( Using kolb ‘s procurement habits to better an exercise, 2011 )Level Two †Learning:This is the solitary degree at which the members have adjustment in the mentalities, with improved cognizance, and their expansion in the achievement as an outcome of commitment in the perception methodology or in the cantonments. It to b oot tends to this request thatA did the individuals who were members gotten the hang of anything? A This obtaining of the rating requires a portion of the kinds of post-testing so as to decide with what kind of achievements were intelligent during the clasp of readiness. What's more, in add-on, to the post-testing it is just legitimate until joined with the pre-testing, so the students can isolate between what they prior knew originating before to the planning plans and what they have truly realized in the arrangement plan. ( Condition of larning ) In estimation of the procurement ‘s that have taken topographic point in a readiness program is extremely of import in cluster to verify the securing of the points. The rating of the obtaining that has taken topographic point will ordinarily focus on such sort of requests as: What kind of perception was picked up? ( Lacin, 2011 ) What sort of achievements were upgraded or created? What perspectives were to be changed? ( Robert ‘s Gagne ‘s Instructional Design Approach, 2011 ) The researcher evaluations are to be made so as to let the decisions which are to be made for the researcher ‘s capablenesss of the open introduction. There have been tw

Childhood Obesity Has Become An Epidemic - Free Essay Example

Introduction Childhood obesity has become an epidemic in the United States, it is defined as excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body and it is putting children at risk for poor physical and mental health. They say you are what you eat, and it truly reflects your image what you put inside your body. It is incredibly important to develop healthy eating habits at a young age. Although not everyone is raised the same, the lack of nutrients and vitamins from fruits and vegetables impact a childs body negatively. Causing digestive problems, weight gain, among other health problems that should not happen early in life. The growth of instant food, family habits, government and school policies all affect the development of a childs body. Theyre many causes that lead to obesity and the outcome takes a toll in their young life. The percentage of children and adolescents affected by obesity has more than tripled since the 1970s. Fryar, C (2014). Parents and anyone surrounded by young children should be aware of the consequences of obesity and how we can help prevent the rate from going up. Together we can help reduce the risk and provide a healthy and bright future for our children. Theyre many factors that play a role in childhood obesity such as poor diets, lack of physical activities, metabolism, genetics, sleep deprivation and your surroundings such as your neighborhood, parenting style. Bad habits are hard to break and replace with nourishing ideals that will help a childs developmental process. Although metabolism and genetics are hereditary theyre not directly linked as the main cause of obesity. Most if not all processed foods are convenient to obtain which is why most parents lean towards them. Which leads to see the bigger spectrum behind their decisions, more low-income families cant sit at the dinner table because the parent/s have to work long hours, third shifts, or hit overtime. These low-income neighborhoods frequently lack grocery stores and markets, theyre limited to small convenience stores and a greater availability of fast food restaurants. These stores typically lack fresh food, theyre usually stocked with microwavable meals and sugary beverages. Vehicle access plays a role in how fresh the food in the fridge is, meaning that a monthly trip to the grocery store is less likely to convey fresh fruits and vegetables that have a limited time to consume, whereas frozen dinners have a longer expectancy. While less expensive, energy-dense foods typically have lower nutritional quality, and because of overconsumption of calories, have been liked to obesity. Kant, A (2005). However, these parental factors affect the child in the home significantly and may cause obesity and low social interaction which leads to lack of physical activities. The less active the more likely theyre at risk. The inactivity and time they dedicate to gaming systems, television, and computers is potential for physical activities. It goes on to a tangent of negative aspects that physically and emotionally affect the childs life. Without a parent at home the child has the option of going to sleep whenever they desire, which may cause sleep deprivation and can also cause the child to over eat. The effects that obesity does to the body may cause a lifetime of health problems if not addressed early in life. Obese children are more likely to remain obese as they transition into adulthood. The initiation of puberty is an adequate nutritional status, there is a possible link between early puberty and obesity. The limited studies based on this certain topic are unable to answer this statement. The female hormone estrogen is suspected to play a role in early puberty. Fat cells also produce aromatase which is the enzyme that synthesizes estrogen from other sex hormones. When excess body fat is present there is an excess estrogen production in the body much may cause overweight girls to develop faster. The presence of the female hormone in boys could delay puberty, estrogen is influencing their development as it does for girls. While obesity itself is not a chronic condition, it is a risk factor for four of the ten leading causes of death in the U.S which are coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, stroke, and cancer. Wolf,A.M (2001). Diseases that were once only seen in adults are now being seen in children. The numerous complications in relation to obesity are alarming, it is safe to say that as a childs weight increases so does their chances to die. Developing any type of chronic disease often requires long-term care which can accumulate to costly bills every year. The estimated annual health care cost of obesity-related illness are a staggering $190.2 billion or nearly 21% of annual medical spending in the United States. Cawley, J (2012). The last worry a child should have is remembering to check their sugar level or if they took their insulin shot. Type 2 diabetes affects children as young as 4, the freedom of being a care-free child is being taken away as soon as theyre diagnosed with a disease. Our children are our future and we must keep them healthy and strong. If obesity rates keep staggering an all-time high, the next generation may be the first to have a shorter lifespan. Several psychological factors play a role in childhood obesity causing depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. The emotional toll it takes on a childs life is draining if they do not have proper help and guidance to a healthier lifestyle. Nothing is harder than looking at yourself in the mirror after all the comments from your classmates and peers regarding your weight. All of this tension may inflict psychological harm resulting in social stigmatization. It is defined as the extreme disapproval or discontent of a person. A depressed child loses interest in everyday activities and will sleep more to avoid interaction. Food can become a comfort zone to them, often causing them to over eat and gain more weight. Most if not all the time theyre consuming high calorie snacks and sweetened drinks. Although some will starve themselves and end up binge eating causing a disorder to develop. Consuming large quantities of food at a fast pace on a stomach that has been empty for a week is causing a life-threatening disorder. Many eating disorders are caused by the main three factors I mentioned, it is important to keep a close eye on any child that may suffer from childhood obesity and is transitioning into an adolescence. Low self-esteem and lack of self-confidence appears more in school when the child starts to compare their bodies to the rest of their classmates. It can create a sense of hopelessness and can lead to low performances in school. Not wanting to present in front of the classroom or running the pacer test for gym class can set them back academically. The comments concerning the childs weight consumes them and its all they think about. It creates anxiety and fear of being around social groups. Theyre challenged in many ways, mostly physically which causes them to have a bad self-image, feeling like an outcast. Often teased at school and victims of bullying it is hard to see the light at the end of the tunnel. It can be a very dark time and its important to shine light on these issues and help these children see how beautiful life can be when youre healthy and strong. Conclusion In conclusion, as a society we can all help and contribute to strive for a healthier lifestyle and inflict that on future generations. Working together as a family helps to uplift the child in need of guidance to see that their health is important. Theyre many healthy alternatives to the fast food that we love to get when itss easy and convenient. Keeping track of your water intake and creating healthy meals together will create a bond that no one can take away. Cutting in half high calorie and fat intake such as processed foods, sugar intake, and decreasing the portion size on your plate helps significantly. Setting goals and checking them off the list once completed will give the child a sense of motivation. The variations of physical activity are endless, they can be as simple as taking the dog for a walk or chores like cutting the grass or they can be as fun as a Zumba class. The child must feel safe and secure doing any physical activities which might take a while to warm up too. Make sure you give them reassurance of their progress and how far theyve come. Reducing the screen time provided by any device with outdoor activities helps the child become more active and social. This will help keep the child on their toes and will strive to join some sort of sport or an extra after school activity. School policies and government programs should be a part of the curriculum in every district across the country. School policies shouldnt allow sugary beverages in the schools vending machine or high calorie snacks. Enforcing students to learn about the risk of obesity, how to avoid it and its long-term effects. Back in 2010, former first lady Michelle Obama shined light on this controversy topic and started a campaign Lets Move. This programs goal is to solve and challenge childhood obesity. Another government program is Choose My Plate, it goes deeper into the five food groups we should consume every day, theyre many resources ranging from eating on a budget and the necessary tools for achieving a healthy lifestyle.

MK389 Assignment 2015 Upd Essay - 2652 Words

‘.~ Module Code: MK0389 Module Title: Global Marketing and Communication Distributed on: Week 1 Hand in Date: TBC Instructions on Assessment: The assessment is in two parts: Group seminar presentations contribute to 30% of the overall mark The individual assignment contributes to 70% of the overall mark Seminar activities (30%) Students will work in small groups within their seminar and make two assessed presentations on their chosen global brand. Further information on the seminar activities is detailed separately. Final Individual assignment (70%) The individual assignment is based on the development of a marketing communications plan for the launch of a product/brand of your choice (ideally taken from any of the brands from†¦show more content†¦Excessive use of an appendix for material which should be included ion the body will be penalised. Students writing in essay format will be penalised. (Some basic instruction if required here) Important note about ARNA regulations The regulations specify that students must complete every assessment component contributing to the modules on their programme. This applies to all forms of assessment as defined in the module descriptor. Please note that: if any assessment component is not completed, students will be failed in the module even if the module pass mark has been achieved; if the requirements for referral specified in section 5 of ARNA1 are met, a resit opportunity will be given; if unable to complete an assessment component because of extenuating circumstances, students should follow the procedure described in the Student Guide to Extenuating Circumstances1. This change was approved by Academic Board on 12 October 2009 in consultation with the Students’ Union. Students should consult their Programme Leader or Guidance Tutor if they have any queries. Independent advice and support is also available from the Students’ Union Advice Representation Centre (su.advice@northumbria.ac.uk) or from a student adviser in Student Services. 1ARNA and the Student Guide to Extenuating Circumstances

Tannisho Master of Shin Buddhism - 1195 Words

The Tannisho are the teachings of Shinran, Master of Shin Buddhism, which is a form of Shingon or Esoteric Buddhism. Shin Shingon Buddhism is also known as Pure Land Buddhism. This school of thought, therefore, comes out of the Mahayana tradition. It holds that the Dharma has become too corrupt to lead anyone on Earth to nirvana. Instead, there are â€Å"Buddha fields† (Gethin, 263) that one can be reborn into and obtain freedom from samsara through nirvana there. Through the Tannisho Shinran explains how one can call on the name of one of these Buddhas, and thus be saved from samsara by calling on the name of the compassionate Amida, Lord of the Western Paradise, Buddha of Immeasurable Light. This is due to the compassionate nature of†¦show more content†¦Taking pity on our state, Amida made the Vow with the real intent of ensuring the evil person’s attainment of buddhahood.† (Section III) The evil person, is the one who is â€Å"filled with blind passions†, and thus applies to anyone bound by ignorance and delusion in the cycle of samsara. Thus and â€Å"evil person† is anyone who is not enlightened and cannot help themselves. This helplessness is why they are more likely to evoke the great compassion of Amida. It is they who he has taken the Primal Vow for in the first place. The Tannisho tells us as much, â€Å"Evil persons who rely on other-power are the very ones who have obtained the true cause of birth.† (Section III) On the other hand, a â€Å"good† person is one who attempts, without faith and animated by delusion, to do good deeds. Shinran says of them, â€Å"This is because people who seek to do good through self-power do not rely wholeheartedly on other-power and are therefore not in accord with the Primal Vow.† This lack of faith prevents them from gaining the attention of Amida, and without that, he cannot show his compassion to them. However, Amida is so compassionate that even they can be reborn in his Buddha field and obtain jinen. This is what is called the â€Å"doctrine of Grace† (Gethin, 264). Amida will â€Å"induce even a ‘person who does good through self-power† to be saved’ (Takamori). This makes the faith of Amida a powerful thing indeed, and is also what makes Pure Land Buddhism a type

Law Enforcement Operations and Writing free essay sample

Colorado Technical university Phase 3 Individual Project Instructor: Scott Fowler CUSCUSS-12038-03: Law Enforcement Operations and Report Writing Nope Monday, September 10, 2012 There are many different ways that the media can affect the way crime is looked at. Many of the media companies will talk about increases In crime, but will only target the few specific crimes that have slightly Increased but will not touch base on all the crime statistics that show decreases In other areas. The media has a very moth way of focusing on violent crimes above all others. Homicides and violent crimes receive a much higher amount of attention than any other crimes. If there was a bunch of minor traffic violations and a few tickets given out for minor things and one assault charge the only thing that would be brought up in the media is the assault charge. The media also presents homicides and other violent crimes in a teaser type fashion (Jensen). We will write a custom essay sample on Law Enforcement Operations and Writing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They make the situation look more appealing than it really is. They Tillie non-specifics and add far more attention to the scene than what is needed.All of this negative attention on what or two crimes give the impression that those specific crimes or crime In general is happening more frequently than it really Is creating the Illusion of a crime wave (Jensen). The Medals primary focus Is to sell their Information and If they can skew Information or focus more on a few particular things to gain more sells they One of the most important aspects of a Law Enforcement Agency is the publics IEEE on the agency and the agencies reputation for integrity and honor. The main thing a Law Enforcement agency should try to push when addressing the public is accuracy and honesty. The Law Enforcement Agency should also focus on not releasing information to early as to hinder the investigation or the Law Enforcement officers that are working the case. It is always important to try and make sure the information given is accurate the first time around so that you do not have to make embarrassing corrections later on, however, if you have to make a correction you would make It immediately and accurately Onset).If the media had It their way they would make the United States think that stepping out their door and doing anything other than watching the medias coverage would be the most dangerous thing to do, ever! Remember, the reporters and the medias main goal is to sell their story, if that means they have to focus ninety violent crimes only make up five percent of what is happening, that is all you will hear about. The media will utilize any form of mani pulation they can to skew a story to sake it seem more worth of the coverage it is receiving then what it is really deserving of.This is not to say that the crime does not deserve publicity or coverage, but they blow violent crimes out of proportion. The statistics that the media gives and the amount of coverage they give to the small percent of violent crime gives fuel to the myths of crime waves and crime sprees. Law Enforcement Agencies should do their part to give correct, accurate and timely information to the public in a way that the media cannot skew it as easily.

Napster.Com Essays - Metallica, Napster, Web 2.0,

Napster.Com Napster.com The Napster software (http://www.napster.com), launched early in 1999, allows internet users to share and download MP3 files directly from any computer connected to the Napster network. The software is used by downloading a client program from the Napster site and then connecting to the network through this software, which allows sharing (uploading and downloading) of MP3 files between all users connected to the network. While Napster does not condone copyright infringement, there is no opportunity in the software to stop this, or for royalties to be paid to artists whose songs are being duplicated for free. Unlike similar file-sharing applications (Gnutella, Freenet), Napster limits users to uploading/downloading of MP3 files only. These files are compressed wave (.wav) files. The advantage of MP3 files is that they are approximately one-tenth the size of the corresponding .wav file and can be close-to-CD-quality. It is for this reason that many artists, record labels and other music industry stakeholders are concerned by the MP3 file format and applications like Napster that simplify the sharing of copyrighted material. Other file formats in common use on the Internet are not as threatening to the recording industry; primarily due to the reduced quality of the recording. Real audio (.ra, .rm) files have reduced sound quality (comparable to radio) and are usually streamed over a different protocol, allowing people to listen to songs without having (or being able) to download the source files. Another 'music' file format common on the internet is the midi format. These files are of no threat to the music industry because the files are not actually a recording of the music; rather a set of instructions to the computer as to what sounds to play (and there is no way to duplicate vocal tracks). This file format is also becoming outdated and being used less and less. The reaction from recording artists, record labels and other music industry players has been varied, but primarily anti-Napster. The first action to be taken against Napster was by the band Metallica. In April of this year, they sued Napster Inc for copyright infringement. The case was settled out of court when Napster agreed to ban some 300,000 users who had allegedly downloaded Metallica songs. Again in June Napster Inc was sued for copyright infringement by The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), a trade group representing the US recording industry, alleging Napster is enabling and encouraging the illegal copying and distribution of copyrighted music. Napster claims that Audio Home Recording Act that permits copying of material for personal use, allows it's uses to swap MP3s. Napster further claims immunity by defining the company as an ISP under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. The RIAA unsuccessfully applied to have an injunction to stop Napster's operations u ntil after the court case in September, so Napster will continue to operate until (and if) the court rules against Napster. Other artists and record labels (http://www.napster.com/speakout/artists.html and http://www.napster.com/speakout/labels.html) have responded to the advent of Napster and similar applications in a more positive way, embracing the new technology rather than rejecting it. On their website, the Offspring says MP3 technology and programs such as Napster [are] a vital and necessary means to promote music and foster better relationships with our fans. Interestingly enough, the Offspring's last album, Americana, was made available online illegally before commercially released, yet it is the band's best-selling album to date. Furthermore, a number of surveys have proven that Napster users actually buy more CDs, after 'sampling' the songs online (http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/1/12093.html). It is this issue that is at the core of the RIAA lawsuit, whether Napster and similar applications will mean reduced CD sales. Napster does challenge the traditional distribution of music (CDs, cass ettes, vinyl etc) but whether this should be viewed as a threat or simply a new medium to be exploited by the music industry is another issue. Some record labels, most notably Epitaph (http://www.epitaph.com) have partnered with sites like e-music.com to sell full albums and single songs in MP3 format over the web. In this case, the record company has in fact gained a new distribution method, rather than seeing it as the 'enemy'. Of course, in this scenario, the record company still gets a cut